Imbali yokuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo zentsimbi kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo eziphezulu

Kwimbali yokwakhiwa kwabantu, izixhobo zendalo ezinjengomhlaba, amatye kunye neenkuni zaqala ukusetyenziswa ngabantu njengezinto zokwakha. Ngokuqhubela phambili kwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji yoluntu, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi yaveliswa kwinqanaba elikhulu, lesakhiwo esomeleleyo, intsebenzo esiphezulu ekwakhiweni, esenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezide nekhuselekileyo.

Imveliso yentsimbi yehlabathi kunye neStiel eYurophu yayikuphuhlile kweyona ndawo yaseYurophu, kwaye ke intsimbi nezakhiwo zentsimbi eYurophu zikwayindlela yokuqalisa. 1720 I-Eul Errobhule yaqala ukuveliswa kwamatye ehagu, i-1784 ibikukuveliswa kwentsimbi eqolileyo, eYurophu ye-Britane yaqala ukusebenzisa iikholamu zentsimbi, i-Iron Cossing yezakhiwo, i-1772), ikholamu yokuqala yentsimbi Isakhiwo esine-tenda-gody (1793) kunye nesakhiwo sokuqala se-Iron sentsimbi (1797) sakhiwa eBritani.

Ukuveliswa kwesininzi kweeprofayili ze-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-Iron ngo-1854, eyayilunge ngakumbi ukwakha iinjongo, kunye nemveliso yentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yi-theris ngonyaka ka-1872, zithathwe njengesakhiwo esinebali le-European kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Esi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngokugqibeleleyo se-skeleton yentsimbi, ngemiqadi kunye neekholamu ezinxulumene nokunxibelelana ngokungxamayo ukuze zikwazi ukunciphisa imithwalo yomoya, inkqubo yesakhiwo esekwe kwizakhiwo zensimbi ezininzi zensimbi.

Umzobo 1-1

Ulwakhiwo lwe-Iron Leardy waziswa eUnited States ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukuya esiphelweni senkulungwane ye-19, ukunyuka kwamanzi amaninzi e-United States ukuya kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-United States. I-1885 kwi-United States yaseMelika eChicago yagqitywa kwinto ethathwa njengesongezelelo sensimo yensimo yehlabathi eliphakamileyo - i-10-orch i-55m, umzobo 1-2). Esi sakhiwo sisebenzisa i-beams yentsimbi kunye ne-Iron Colums isasaziso sesakhelo, udonga lwezitena zangaphandle lusabhetha eludongeni. Ibali le-9, leemitha ezingama-37 -imitha-ephezulu yerandi, eyakhiwe eChicago ngo-1889, isebenzise isakhelo sentsimbi, kwaye siyinyani yokwakha umthwalo wensimo.

Umzobo 1-2

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngokuphuculwa kwendlela yoyilo lweSteeli, isakhiwo sensimbi yensimbi e-United States sangena kwixesha "le-skyscraper". Ngo-1900 malunga nokugqitywa kwesakhiwo se-36 se-36 ye-36 ye-36 ye-36 ye-Steeles Steeled Runter eNew York, yayiyeyona nto iphakamayo yehlabathi ngelo xesha. Ngo-1907 eNew York bagqibezela ukwakhiwa kwengoma, i-47-i-187m ephezulu, yiphiramidi yanamhlanje yeHlabathi kune-Egypt ende kakhulu. Ngo-1918, iNew York yagqiba ibali lama-60, lama-242-gesi-bieter-bier-goone, isakhiwo esiphakamileyo sehlabathi ngelo xesha. Kwaye ngo-1931 eNew York bagqibezela isakhiwo se-102 se-381m 21m 21

Umzobo 1-3

Ngo-1965, uGqirha Fazlur Rahman Khan, injineli eyakhayo ye-SMM (i-Skaremore, i-Westers) ye-SPOPICS ye-U.S. IZiko loRhwebo (Umzobo 1-4) kunye ne-Sear tower tower (umzobo 1-5). Ngokusekwe kule ngcinga intsha yesakhiwo kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweendlela zika-1960, iUnited States yenzelwe kwaye yakhiwe iZiko loRhwebo leHlabathi eliPhambili (i-1 ukuya kwi-1-4).

Umzobo 1-4

Umzobo 1-5

Ukongeza kwi-United States, iJapan lilizwe elinezakhiwo zentsimbi eziphakamileyo ngakumbi, isizathu sokuba, ukongeza kwishishini lentsimbi ekhule kakuhle kunye nembiza, kukho esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuthatha isigqibo senyikima. Ngenxa yokuba iJapan inyikima yenyikima enkulu, kude kube ngu-1963 ikhowudi yokwakha yaseJapan kuphela ihlaziyiwe kuphela isakhiwo ayivumelekanga ukuba idlule kuma-31m aphezulu. Kwi-seismic, umlilo, umoya kunye neminye imiba yesayensi kunye netekhnoloji yothotho lwezaphulelo, igqityiwe ngo-1965, igqityiwe kwi-1985, i-Tokyo yokuqala ye-Tokyo, ihotele yase-Otani. Since then, high-rise steel buildings in Japan has been the rapid development of 36-story 147m high steel Kasumigaseki building built in 1968 as a symbol, Japan really entered the high-rise steel structure development period. Ngeminyaka yee-1980, inani lilonke lezakhiwo eziphakamileyo zentsimbi eJapan yayiyesibini kuphela kwi-U.S. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezakhiwo ezitsha eziphezulu eziphakamileyo ngaphezulu kwemigangatho engama-20 eJapan yamkela isakhiwo sensimbi.

I-United Kingdom yeyona nto iphakamileyo yezakhiwo zensimbi eYurophu, ngokwendawo, malunga ne-50% yezakhiwo e-United Kingdom isebenzisa izakhiwo zentsimbi eziphezulu zezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwesakhiwo sensimbi kwi-UK iphumelele kwinkxaso yexesha elide kunye notyalo-mali lwentsimbi yaseBritane (kamva ukuba ibe yi-corus pha yophando, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nemfundo yensimbi yensimbi.

I-mpuma ye-Asia ikwindawo yokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo zokunyuka zaza zakhiwa ngamanani amakhulu kule ndawo emva kweminyaka yo-1970, kodwa uninzi lwazo luqiniswe nezakhi zekhonkrithi. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokungena kwi-1990s, ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo zezakhiwo eziphezulu ze-pin-ten-ter-rive-ter-ter-ter-right ye-750 ye-450 ye-450 ye-450-right-right ye-750 ye-450-right, iMalaysia, ngo-1997 (Fig. 1-7).

Umzobo 1-6

Umzobo 1-7

Kunye ne-101--teipe-ephezulu ye-Teipei yeZiko leMfundo (umzobo 1-8) ugqityiwe eTaipei ngummeli wezakhiwo zentsimbi ephezulu.

Umzobo 1-8

Umzobo 1-9

Ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa nezoqoqosho, ukunyuka kwezakhiwo eziphezulu zentsimbi kwakhiwe eChina ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1980s. Ukusukela ngoko, ukuguqulwa kuka-China kunye nokuvula kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, i-Indiji ye-shangzhou, i-gungzhou, i-gungzhou, i-thenzhong, i-chianse, i-48m-ephezulu Jin mao tower (Fig. Ngo-1998, i-88-ibali le-421 le-421-jincio toude (umfanekiso 1-9) wakhiwa, oko okwangoku kwesona sakhiwo siphakamileyo se-China kunye nesosithathu kwihlabathi, ukumakisha ukuba i-China Suped ifake izikhundla eziphambili emhlabeni.